When Saudi Arabia, Türkiye and Pakistan signed the Makkah Joint Defence Agreement on August 7, it was easy to dismiss the pact as another diplomatic declaration. The agreement promises defence cooperation and says an armed attack on one of the three countries will be regarded as an attack on all. Within weeks, the arrangement began acquiring the machinery of a real security partnership.
On September 19, Hakan Fidan, Türkiye’s foreign minister, said Ankara was prepared to help meet Saudi Arabia’s military requirements in response to Houthi attacks. Four days later, Pakistan appointed retired Lieutenant-General Nauman Mahmood as the first secretary-general of the pact’s secretariat in Riyadh.
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