At the heart of human existence lies a paradox: reproduction is at once the most personal of choices and the most collective of responsibilities. The decision to have children—whether embraced with joy, approached with trepidation, or deferred indefinitely—is embedded not only in private lives but in the social, economic, and moral architecture of human societies.
Yet in the last half-century, global fertility rates have fallen dramatically. Research published in Fertility and Sterility suggests that the average global fertility rate has dropped from roughly five births per woman in the 1960s to just over two today. It is projected to continue declining, placing many nations below the replacement threshold needed to sustain stable populations over generations.
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